What is poultry farming .history of poultry farming and types of poultry birds.

 WHAT IS POULTRY FARMING

poultry farming is the domestic or commercial breeding of birds primarily for their meat, eggs, and feathers. The most important poultry are chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, while guinea hens and baby pigeons (squabs) are only of local interest. The principles and procedures of raising poultry are covered in this article. See egg and poultry processing for more information on the nutritional value and processing of chicken products.

Poultry as Organism

Classified as Aves

 • Vertebrates 

• Differ in digestion and reproduction

 • Digestion – beak and gizzard • Reproduction – eggs are hatched, 21 days (chickens) 29-31 days (geese) Turkeys (27-28 days) and ducks (28-35 days). Incubation period is influenced by temperature and humidity.

 • Appearance – yellow pigmentation – egg production. Large red comb – good health. Ragged feathers – poor health. 

poultry is 2nd highest meat consumed .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  HISTORY OF POULTRY FARMING   

• In Southeast Asia, chickens were domesticated more than 6000 years ago.
• • America's early settlements kept chickens.
• Domesticated in North America are turkeys.
• - Ducks and geese (waterfowl): • Came from a variety of geographical locations.
                                                                                                                                                

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 TYPES OF POULTRY BIRDS

Types : – Chicken – Turkey – Ducks – Geese – Quail – Peafowl – Swans – Pigeons – Ratites – Pheasants • Common names – Fowl or Birds

chickens                                                                                                   Most significant species 
• Raised for meat and eggs 
• A chicken's flesh is determined by its age and sex                          

The chicken (Gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated jungle fowl that shares characteristics with native to Southeast Asia wild species like the grey and Ceylon jungle fowl. A younger male bird may be referred to as a cockerel, and an adult male bird is known as a cock or rooster. A castrated guy is referred to as a capon. A pullet is a sexually young female bird; a hen is an adult female bird.

Chickens weren't kept for food until the Hellenistic era, when they were first raised for cockfighting or special occasions (4th–2nd centuries BC).

Nowadays, people maintain chickens largely as pets and as a food source (eating their flesh and eggs).    

NAMES OF CHIKENS

Broiler – Young chicken 6-7 weeks, weighs about 4 pounds.

Either sex.

Roaster – Young chicken older and slightly larger than a broiler.

Capon – Male chicken that has been neutered (castrated). 5-7

months old. Weigh 6 pounds.

Spent Hen – Hen that no longer lays eggs. Used in soups, or

processed foods.

Layer – Mature female. Can produce around 300 eggs per year.

Hen – Mature female, laying.

Pullet – Young female not yet laying eggs

Cock – Mature male, can be called a rooster.

Cockerel – Young male that is less than one year old.

COMMON BREEDS

White Leghorns are a common breed that are utilized for egg production.

Smallest \Barred Pilgrim Rock: Meat and Eggs

Meat and eggs from New Hampshire

Chicken and eggs at White Rock.

Largest.

TURKEY

Consumers like white meat, which is raised primarily for meat.

turkey, one of two bird species categorized as belonging to the families Phasianidae or Meleagrididae (order Galliformes). The most well-known of these is the common turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), a natural game bird of North America that has undergone extensive domestication for use as a table fowl. The ocellated turkey, Agriocharis (or Meleagris) ocellata, is the other species. See bustard (Australian turkey), megapode (brush turkey), and snakebird for unrelated but comparable birds (water turkey).

The pre-Columbian Mexican Indians are likely responsible for the domestication of the domesticated turkey. The birds were brought to Spain for the first time around 1519, and from there they travelled across Europe, arriving in England around 1541. The epithet turkey-cock, originally applied to the guinea fowl of Islamic (or "Turkish") regions, was coined when the bird gained popularity in England.

Poult – young turkey

 • Tom – mature male turkey or gobbler. 

• Hen - female turkey

TURKEY FACTS

Raised in confinement

 • Marketed at 20 weeks 

• Most popular is the broad breasted white.

DUCKS

brought up for their meat, eggs, down, and feathers.

• Down, the plush

feathery

addressing that

develops beneath the

feathers.

Ducks are a group of species of water birds that are smaller in stature and have necks that are shorter than those of their close relatives, swans and geese. They form up the biological family of Anatidae, together with their longer-necked cousins. Due to our economic and cultural importance to this family, humans have had a long-standing relationship with its members. Particularly ducks have been domesticated for the sake of harvesting their feathers, eggs, and meat.

DUCKS FACTS

Duckling – young duck – still has down 

• Drake – mature male duck

 • Hen – mature female duck.

Grow faster and heavier than chickens

 • Can swim

 • Most raised indoors on commercial farms.

GEESE

• Used for food, eggs, ornamental purposes, 

weed management, and they are resistant to many diseases that affect other fowl.

Geese are very gregarious creatures. They typically get along with other animals and birds if they were raised with them.

The word "goose" actually refers to female geese; ganders are the names for male geese. On ground or in the water, a group of geese is referred to as a gaggle; in the air, they are referred to as a skein.

Birds consume berries, grass, nuts, seeds, and plants.

They are the biggest waterfowl, with swans coming in second. Despite being waterfowl, they primarily stayed on land.

In order to maximize their flying range by at least 71%, geese always fly in the shape of a "V." When the lead goose becomes fatigued, another goose steps in to fill the void.

Geese are devoted animals. Lifelong partners, They take pleasure in grooming their feathers, searching the grass for food, and gathering sticks, bark, and leaves to use as "home improvements" in their nests.

They care deeply about the members of their group. A few geese may break out from their formation to aid and protect an ill or injured goose.

GEESE FACTS•

 • Gosling – baby goose of either sex 

• Gander – Mature Male goose • Hen – Mature female goose

 • Gaggle – flock or group of geese that are not flying. Peafowl

PEAFOWL 

 Peacocks, COMMON NAME

TECHNICAL NAME: Pavo and Afropavo

Kind: Birds

DIET: Vegetarian

Name of the group: "muster, ostenstation, pride"

RELATIVE SIZE TO A 6-FT MAN:

 sex are frequently referred to as "peacocks" in casual language, male peafowl are known as peacocks and female peafowl as peahens.

The only African species is the Congo peafowl, which is endemic to the Congo Basin. The two Asian species are the blue or Indian peafowl, which originated on the Indian subcontinent, and the green peafowl of Southeast Asia. Male peafowl are distinguished by their showy plumage and piercing sounds. The latter is particularly noticeable in Asian species because they exhibit a "tail" or "train" of covert feathers with eye spots during courtship rituals.There has been much discussion among the scientific community about the purposes of the exquisite iridescent coloration and the enormous "train" of peacocks. According to Charles Darwin, the males' flashy traits evolved through sexual selection and functioned to attract females. More recently, Amotz Zahavi argued in his handicap theory that these characteristics served as accurate indicators of the males' fitness because less-fit males would suffer from the challenge of surviving with such huge and obvious structures.

PEA FOWL FACTS

• Peacock – mature male peafowl.

 • Peahen – mature female peafowl.

 • Train – male tail feathers. 

• Use - for their feathers.

SWANS 

The swan is the largest species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae's subfamily Anserine (order Anseriformes). Swans are categorized as belonging to the genus Cygnus. Swans are elegant long-necked, bulky, big-footed birds that glide magnificently when swimming and fly with leisurely wingbeats and stretched-out necks. No other duck moves as quickly on the water or in the air as they do as they migrate in diagonal formation or V-formation at enormous altitudes.

Swans hunt for aquatic vegetation in shallow waters by dabbling rather than diving. The mute (Color) and black ( Catratus) swans frequently cross one foot behind their backs while swimming or standing. Cobs, or male swans, and pens, or female swans, have similar appearances. Despite popular belief, swans produce a wide range of sounds with their windpipe, which in certain species is looped. 

Love water

 • Colors range from white to black

 • Used for ornamental purposes.

RATITIES 

Among the birds that cannot fly are emus, ostriches,

Cassowary, Kiwi, and

rhea.

• Ostriches are the largest -

has a 350-pound weight.

height of 10 feet. Life

70 years is the span.

Raised to collect feathers,

oil, beef, and skin.

Any bird with a smooth sternum (breastbone), often known as a ratite, lacks a keel to which its flying muscles could be attached. As a result, no ratite species can fly. They are an anatomically odd group that is peculiar and perplexing. Some of the biggest birds ever are in this group, like the moa and the elephant bird (Aepyornis). The ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea, and kiwi are examples of living ratites.

GUINEA FOWL

Raised for food, as a novelty bird, and to fill game preserves. • They have a thick shell, which makes them a popular ornamental choice.

guinea fowl, any member of the African bird family Numididae (order Galliformes), which some authors also classify as the Phasianidae pheasant family. There are 7–10 species in the family, and Numida meleagris is one of them. It is widely domesticated for its meat and for use as a "watchdog" on farms (it gabbles loudly at the least alarm). The vulturine guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum), found in eastern Africa, is the largest and most colourful species. It has a long neck, red eyes, a naked blue head that resembles a vulture, and a hackle of long, lance-shaped feathers with black, white, and blue stripes.

Due to its high bony crest, N. meleagris wild species are often known as helmet guinea fowls; both sexes have a similar appearance. The savannas and scrublands of Africa are home to a variety of local variations of the helmet guinea fowl, which has also been imported to the West Indies and other places. The normal form is around 50 cm (20 inches) long, with a naked face, brown eyes, red and blue wattles at the bill, black plumage with white spots, and a stooped posture. It forages for seeds, tubers, and some insects while moving around in groups and living in flocks on the ground. When startled, birds flee, but when forced, they can briefly soar on short, rounded wings. They rest in trees at night. The noisy helmet guinea fowl make harsh, monotonous sounds.

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