HUMAN DISEASES . DANGUE FEVER (VIRUS) Its Transmission, symptoms, treatment, prevention.

 HUMAN DISEASES

Human diseases must be accurately diagnosed before they can be treated. This section covers diagnosis, pathogenesis, identifying the causative organism, prevention (including vaccination where available), treatment, and commonly prescribed drugs.

1. DANGUE FEVER:

Dengue fever is an infectious disease spread by mosquitos that is caused by one of four dengue viruses. This disease was previously known as break-bone fever because it can cause severe joint and muscle pain that feels like bones are breaking, thus the name. Dengue fever has been known to medical professionals for over 200 years. Dengue fever is most common during and shortly after the rainy season in Africa, Southeast Asia and China, India, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Central and South America, Australia, and the South and Central Pacific.

According to the World Health Organization, 50 to 100 million cases of dengue infection occur each year. This includes 100 to 200 cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year, most of which are in people who have recently travelled abroad. Many more cases are likely to go unreported because some doctors are unaware of the disease. Dengue fever cases began to rise in many tropical regions around the world in the late twentieth century. Epidemics began to occur more frequently and with greater severity. In addition to typical dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome also have increased in many parts of the world.

Dengue fever is a harmless acute febrile syndrome that occurs in tropical areas. In some cases, the virus causes increased vascular permeability, resulting in dengue hemorrhagic fever or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (DHF). Secondary infection with a different dengue virus serotype has been identified as a significant risk factor for DHF development. The patient develops shock in 20-30% of DHF cases, which is known as the dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Children under the age of 15 account for 90% of DHF subjects worldwide. Dengue is a homonym for the African term ki denga pepo, which first appeared in English literature during a Caribbean outbreak in 1827-28. Benjamin Rush is credited with the first definite clinical report of dengue in 1789, but the viral aetiology and mode of transmission via mosquitoes were not established until the early twentieth century.

DANGUE VIRUS

Dengue fever is caused by one of four dengue viruses: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. A person can be infected by at least two, if not all four types, at different times throughout his or her life, but only once by the same type.

TRANSMISSION

Mosquitoes become infected when they bite infected humans and then pass the infection on to the next person they bite. The two main mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, have been responsible for all dengue cases in this country. Dengue fever is not spread from person to person.

SYMPTOMS

Mosquitoes become infected when they bite infected humans and then pass the infection on to the next person they bite. The two main mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, have been responsible for all dengue cases in this country. Dengue fever is not spread from person to person.

The majority of dengue infections are mild, but some can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever causes blood vessels to leak, resulting in bleeding from the nose, mouth, and gums. Bruising can be a sign of internal bleeding. Without prompt treatment, blood vessels can collapse, resulting in dengue shock syndrome. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is fatal in about 5% of cases, most of which are children.

Typical uncomplicated classic dengue symptoms typically begin with fever 5 to 6 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito and include

• Fever of up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit
• A terrible headache.
• Pain behind the eye (retro-orbital).
• Joint and muscle pain is excruciating.
• Vomiting and nausea
• Rashes.

The rash may appear on the majority of your body three to four days after the fever begins. Later in the disease, a second rash may appear.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever symptoms include all of the classic dengue symptoms as well as the following additional symptoms:

Significant damage to blood and lymph vessels.

Bleeding from the nose, gums, or skin, resulting in purplish bruises.

Some people die as a result of this type of dengue disease.

Dengue shock syndrome, the most severe form of dengue disease, is characterized by all of the symptoms of classic dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, as well as the following:

• Fluids leaking from blood vessels.
• Massive blood loss.
• Shock.

This form of the disease is most common in children (but can occur in adults as well) who have had their second dengue infection. The fatality rate ranges from 5% to 15%.

TREATMENT

There is no specific treatment for classic dengue fever, and you will recover completely within two weeks if you are like the majority of people. Health care professionals recommend the following to aid in recovery:

• Getting plenty of rest in bed.
• Drinking plenty of fluids, such as fruit juices, soups, and electrolyte-enriched water.
• Taking fever-reducing medication.

Aspirin is not recommended for people with dengue fever because it dilutes the blood, which can complicate hemorrhage, but acetaminophen or other over-the-counter pain relievers are safe for most people. Early emergency treatment with fluids and electrolytes can be lifesaving for severe dengue symptoms such as shock and coma.

PREVENTION

The best way to avoid getting dengue fever is to avoid coming into contact with mosquitos. Several dengue vaccines are currently being developed, but none are expected to be available in the coming years. When going outside in a dengue-infected area, use a mosquito repellent and wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts, long pants, socks, and shoes. Because Aedes mosquitos typically bite during the day, take extra precautions in the early morning hours before daybreak and in the late afternoon before dark.

Other precautions to take include:

Closing unscreened windows and doors.

Keeping window and door screens in good condition.

Getting rid of mosquito breeding areas, such as standing water in flower pots, containers, birdbaths, discarded tyres, and so on.

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