Japanese encephalitis .infectious agent ,distribution, mode of infection, symptoms and prevention of Japanese encephalitis.

2. Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is a potentially fatal viral disease spread by infected mosquitos in Asia's agricultural regions. It is one of a number of mosquito-borne virus diseases that can affect the central nervous system and lead to serious complications and death. Travelers to rural areas where the disease is common may be at risk. There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis, but a vaccine is recommended for travelers whose itinerary may put them at risk.

To avoid Japanese encephalitis and other mosquito-borne diseases, all travelers should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites.

Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease that spreads to humans in Asia. It is one of a group of mosquito-borne virus diseases that can affect the central nervous system, resulting in serious complications and even death.

Infectious agent

The Japanese encephalitis virus, an arbovirus (an arthropod-borne virus), causes Japanese encephalitis. Arboviruses are a diverse group of viruses spread by arthropods, most notably blood-sucking insects. Infected mosquitos spread Japanese encephalitis.

Distribution

Japanese encephalitis is found in rural areas throughout Asia and can also occur in some developing Asian countries near urban areas. This is a seasonal disease that occurs in the temperate regions of China, Japan, and Korea during the summer and fall. China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand are among the countries that have experienced major epidemics in the past but have primarily controlled the disease through vaccination. Other countries with recurring epidemics include Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Nepal, and Malaysia.

Mode Of Infection

The Japanese encephalitis virus has a complicated life cycle that includes domestic pigs, birds, and a type of mosquito called Culex tritaeniorhynchus, which lives in rural rice-growing and pig-farming areas. The mosquito breeds in flooded rice fields, marshes, and standing water in the vicinity of planted fields. Humans, most domestic animals, birds, bats, snakes, and frogs are all susceptible to the virus. The virus invades the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, after infection.

Mosquitoes become infected by sucking blood from Japanese encephalitis virus-infected domestic pigs and wild birds. During the feeding process, infected mosquitos transmit the virus to humans and animals. The virus spreads through the bloodstreams of domestic pigs and wild birds. Only 1 in 50 people infected by a mosquito bite will develop an illness. Japanese encephalitis is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, accounting for 30,000 to 50,000 cases each year.

Symptoms

Most infected people experience only mild symptoms or none at all. It begins as a flu-like illness in people who develop a more severe disease, with fever, chills, tiredness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Confusion and agitation can also occur early on. In 30% of cases, the illness can progress to a serious infection of the brain (encephalitis) and be fatal. Another 30% of those who survive will have severe brain damage, including paralysis. Mild infections may occur with no visible symptoms other than fever and headache, but more severe infections cause headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, and spastic paralysis.

Symptoms typically appear 6-8 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito, with an incubation period of 5-15 days.

Diagnosis

Blood or spinal fluid tests are used to make a diagnosis.

Treatment

Japanese encephalitis has no specific treatment. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, and no anti-viral medications have been developed. The treatment of symptoms and complications is the focus of patient care.

Prevention

Vaccination is only recommended for people who plan to spend four weeks or more in infection-prone areas, or in exceptional circumstances such as a disease outbreak.

Because of the risk of other mosquito-borne diseases in Asia, all visitors should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitos that spread Japanese encephalitis primarily feed outside during the cooler hours of dusk and dawn. During these times, travelers should limit their outdoor activities, apply mosquito repellent to exposed skin, and stay in well-screened rooms. Travelers to rural areas should bring a bed net and insecticide aerosol room.

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